Bibliography 

This bibliography is a compilation of writings (including articles, books, and legal case materials) that address legal, ethical, and professional issues in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.  Some of the writings listed address these issues from the point of view of the medical model and the mainstream professional organizations.  Others question or criticize this point of view and propose alternatives. This is by no means a complete listing.  The items included here are simply those we have found so far.  

We invite you to write to us at Email@AcademyAnalyticArts.org to suggest useful additions as well as to comment on what you have read.

How the Bibliography is Organized

Writings are organized by general topic (LEGAL, ETHICAL, and PROFESSIONAL) and by sub-topic. Select by clicking on the topic area of interest in the table below, or scroll down the page. Items whose full text is available online are underlined.

Legal Issues  

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General back to top

Caudill, David S. (1995). Lacan and the critique of legal ideology: Reason, religion in law, politics.  Psychoanalytic Review 82:683-702

Cavenar, J. O. et al. (1980). Ethical and legal aspects of supervision. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 44:15-22.

Forer, L.G. (1980). Moral failures of the legal system. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 44:457-476.

Freud, S. (1906). Psycho-analysis and establishment of facts in legal proceedings. Standard Edition 9: 97-114.

Guttmacher, M. S. (1956). Why psychiatrists do not like to testify in court.  Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 20: 300-307

Kaufman, M. (1991). Post-Tarasoff legal developments: the mental health literature.  Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 55: 308-322.

Madden, R. G. (1998).  Legal issues in social work, counseling, and mental health:  guidelines for clinical practice in psychotherapy.  Sage Publications.

Menninger, K. (1980). Moral failures of the legal system: commentary. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 44: 477-481.

Menninger, W.W. (1989). Impact of litigation and court decisions on clinical practice.  Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 53: 203-214.

Psychotherapy and the Law (1995).  The Alabama Lawyer 56: 44-49.

Schutz, B. M. (1983).   Legal liability in psychotherapy.  Jossey-Bass.

Simon, R.  (1992).  Clinical psychiatry and the law.  Second Edition.  Washington, DC:  American Psychiatric Press.

Stromberg, C. D., Haggarty, D. J., Leibenluft, R. F., MacMillan, M. H., Mishkin, B., Rubin, B. L. & Trilling, H. R.  (1988).  The psychotherapist’s legal handbook.  Washington DC:  The Council for the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology.  (Comprehensive legal reference.  Purchase includes periodic updates.  Can be obtained only through the National Register, 1120 G Street, NW, Suite 330, Washington, DC 20005: (202) 783-7663. 

Teichner, V. J. (1975).  Psychoanalytic, ethical, and legal aspects of confidentiality, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis  3:293-300.

Winick, B. J. (1997). The right to refuse mental health treatment.  American Psychological Association, Washington D.C. (excellent scholarly resource on this topic; covers legal principles, changing legal thinking, special populations, such as prisoners and involuntarily hospitalized persons)  

Malpractice and Scope of Practice back to top

Charles, S.C. (1993). Doctor-patient relationship and medical malpractice litigation.  Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 57: 195-207.

Chumbler v. McClure, 505 F2d. 489, 491-92 (6^th Cir. 1974) (“respectable minority” defense in medical malpractice cases against physicians using other than the standard treatment)

Conte, H. and Karasu, T. (1990).  Malpractice in psychotherapy:  An overview.  American Journal of Psychotherapy 44: 232-247.

D’Angelis v. Zakuto, 556 A2d 431, 432-33 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989) (“respectable minority” defense in medical malpractice cases against physicians using other than the standard treatment)

Downer v. Veilleux, 322 A 2d. 82, 87 (Me. 1974) (“respectable minority” defense in medical malpractice cases against physicians using other than the standard treatment)

Epstein, J. M.  (1992).  Psychotherapy Malpractice.  Trial Lawyers’ Quarterly 23:  46-63.

Henderson v. Heyer-Schulte Corp., 600 S.W.2d 844 (Tex. Ct. App. 1980) (“respectable minority” defense in medical malpractice cases against physicians using other than the standard treatment)

Johnson, S. H. (1983).  Regulatory theory and prospective risk assessment in the limitation of scope of practice.” 4:4 Journal of Legal Medicine 447; cites Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press) p. 158, (arguing that licensure “should be eliminated as a requirement for the practice of medicine”)

Landi, D.S.  (1989).  New York psychologists and social workers:  confidentiality and professional malpractice.  The Catholic Lawyer 32:  139-149.

Malpractice in psychotherapy:  Is there a relevant standard of  care?  Case Western Law Review 35:  251-281.  

Access to Unconventional Treatment back to top

Atkins v. Guest, 601 N.Y.S. 2d 234 (Sup. Ct. 1993), aff’d 607 N.Y.S. 2d 655 (App. Div. 1994). (state board of medicine’s subpoena powers override physician-patient privilege; state board can determine whether practitioners can be found negligent or incompetent merely for practicing unconventional therapy)

Beckner, C.F. (1993).  The FDA’s War on Drugs.  82  Geo. Law Journal 529, 529-62

Evers, M.  (1988).  Unconventional cancer treatments: Legal constraints on the availability of unorthodox cancer treatments.  Washington, DC:  Office of Technology Assessment, GPO.

In re Guess, (North Carolina) 393 S.E. 2d ; Guess 967 F. 2d (no protected privacy right to practice unorthodox medical treatment)

People  v. Privitera, 591 P. 2d 919 (Cal. 1979).  (right to privacy does not allow citizens right of access to laetrile or other drugs whose effectiveness is not proven; government has duty to protect public health; see dissent by Chief Justice Bird, arguing in favor of patients’ right to choose through right of privacy)

Rogers v.  State Board of Medical Examiners (Florida).  Rogers, 371 So. 2d.  (physician had been expelled by state medical board for offering chelating therapy; court held medical board’s authority to sanction physicians for “any departure” from prevailing standards was limited)

State Medical Freedom Acts.  (legislation to protect practitioners of unorthodox medical treatments from being found incompetent or unprofessional solely on the basis of practicing unorthodox treatment)  Alaska (1990), Washington (1991), North Carolina (1993), Oklahoma (1994), Oregon (1995).  May be accessed through LEXIS in the LEGIS library,  STTEXT file.

United States v. Rutherford,  442 US at 544.  (right to privacy does not allow citizens right of access to laetrile or other drugs whose effectiveness is not proven; government has duty to protect public health)  

Informed Consent back to top

Doctrine of informed consent applied to psychotherapy.  Georgetown Law Journal 72:  1637-64.

Noll, J. O. and Haugan, M. L. (1985).  Informed consent to psychotherapy:  current practices at university-affiliated psychology training clinics.  Law and Psychology Review 9:  57-66.

Schultz, M. (1985).  From informed consent to patient choice: A new protected interest. 95 Yale Law Journal 219, 229-33 (1985).

Simon, R. (1995).  Is informed consent necessary for psychotherapy?  Psychotherapy Letter 7: 4.  (brief article argues that therapists may increasingly be sued under negligence law for failing to disclose such things as “untoward transference reactions, regressive dependency states, general worsening of a patient’s clinical condition” and “qualitative and quantitative outcome data of alternative therapies”)

Mandatory Reporting   back to top

Berlin, F. S., Malin, H. M., and Dean, S.  (1991).  Effects of statutes requiring psychiatrists to report suspected sexual abuse of children.  American Journal of Psychiatry 148(4): 449-453.

Goldstein, R. L. (1990).  New extension of the Tarasoff decision.  American Journal of Psychiatry 147(9): 1250-1251.

Kalichman, S.C. (1993).  Mandated Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse:  Ethics, Law, and Policy, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Mendelson, D. and Mendelson, G. (1991).  Tarasoff down under: The psychiatrist’s duty to warn in Australia.  Journal of Psychiatry and Law 19: 33-61.

Paulsen, M., Parker, G., and Adelman, L. (1966).  Child abuse reporting laws—some legislative history.  George Washington Law Review 34:482.

Religious confidentiality and the reporting of child abuse:  a statutory and constitutional analysis.  Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 21:  1-51.

Smith, S. R. and Meyer, R. G. (1984).  Child abuse reporting laws and psychotherapy:  A time for reconsideration.  International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 7: 351-366.

Texas Supreme Court overturns Tarasoff ‘duty to warn.’  Cites case at www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us/opinions/97108o.htm. National Psychologist (January-February 2000).

Winslade, W. J. and Ross, J. W. (1985).  Privacy, confidentiality, and autonomy in psychotherapy.  Nebraska Law Review 64:  578-636.  

Confidentiality back to top

Behind closed doors:  The confidentiality of psychotherapeutic records in Medicaid fraud investigations.  Pace Law Review  6:  441-494.

Bernard, J. L. and O’Laughlin, D. L. (1990).  Confidentiality:  Do training clinics take it seriously?  Law and Psychology Review 14:  59-69.

Bollas, C. and Sundelson, D. (1995).  The New Informants:  The Betrayal of Confidentiality in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy.  Northvale, NJ:  Jason Aronson.

Bollas, C. (1999). On the Loss of Confidence in Psychoanalysis. Originally published in the newsletter of the International Psychoanalytical Association.

Campbell, J. (2000). The consumer perspective.  In J. Gates, J. & B. Arons (Eds.), Privacy and confidentiality in mental health care (pp. 5–32). Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.

Corcoran, K. & Winsalde, W. (1994). Eavesdropping on the 50-minute hour: Managed mental health care and confidentiality. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12, 351–365.

Constitutional right to confidentiality.  (1982).  George Washington Law Review 51:  133-144.

Duty to warn versus duty to maintain confidentiality:  Conflicting demands on mental health professionals.  Suffolk University Law Review 20:  579-615.

Eastman, N.L.G. (1987).  Clinical confidentiality:  A contractual basis.  Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology 11: 49-57.

Finn, P.  (1992).  Professionals and confidentiality.  The Sydney Law Review 14:  317-339.

Freedman, A.M. (1979). Editorial: Threats to confidentiality.  Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 7:1-6

Furlong, A. (1998). Aspects of the confidentiality of clinical reporting & dossier. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 79: 727-740.

Jagim, R. et al. (1978).  Mental health professionals’ attitudes toward confidentiality, privilege, and third-party disclosure.  Professional Psychology 9: 458-459.

Kremer, T. G. & Gesten, E. L. (1998). Confidentiality limits of managed care and clients' willingness to disclose. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 29, 553–558.

Lipton, E. L. (1991).  Analyst's use of clinical data: Issues of confidentiality.  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 39: 967-986.

MacHale, J. V. (1989).  Confidentiality:  An absolute obligation?  The Modern Law Review 52:  715-21.

Roback, H. B. & Shelton, M. (1995). Effects of confidentiality limitations on the psychotherapeutic process.  Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 4: 185–193.

Sloan, J. B. & Hall, B. (1984).    Confidentiality of psychotherapeutic records.  Journal of Legal Medicine 5: 435-467.

Stimmel, B. (1997). Review of Bollas, The new informants:  The betrayal of confidentiality in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.  Psychoanalytic Quarterly 66: 706-708.

Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 551 P. 2d 334 (1976).

Teichner, V.J. (1975). Psychoanalytic, ethical, and legal aspects of confidentiality, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis  3: 293-300.

Turkington, R. C. (1987).   Legal protection for the confidentiality of health-care information in Pennsylvania:  Patient and client access; testimonial privileges; damage recovery for unauthorized extra-legal disclosure.  Villanova Law Review 32: 259-400.

Watson, A. S. (1972). Levels of confidentiality in the psychoanalytic situation.  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 20:156-176.  

Confidentiality and Privilege for the Press back to top 

Eveleth, J. S. (1988).  Freedom or confidentiality:  Where do you draw the line?  Maryland Bar Journal 21: 13-15. 

Statutory construction—Tennessee’s newsman shield law—confidentiality not a requirement.  Memphis State University Law Review  14: 418-427.  

Privilege back to top

Chafee, Z. (1943).  Privileged communications:  Is justice served or obstructed by closing the doctor’s mouth on the witness stand?  Yale Law Journal 52: 607.

Imwinkelried, E. (1998).  The Rivalry Between Truth and Privilege: The Weakness of the Supreme Court’s Instrumental Reasoning in Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996).  Hastings Law Review 49: 969-990.

Knapp, S. and VendeCreek, L. (1987).  Privileged Communications in the Mental Health Professions.  New York:  Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Mueller, C.B. (1998).  The Federal Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege After Jaffee:  Truth and Other Values in a Therapeutic Age.  Hastings Law Review 49: 945-967.

Raeder, M.S.  The Social Worker’s Privilege, Victims’ Rights, and Contextualized Truth.  Hastings Law Review 49: 991-998.

Slovenko, R. (1974).  Psychotherapist-patient testimonial privilege: a picture of misguided hope.  Catholic University Law Review 23: 650.

Smith, S.R. (1986).  Medical and psychotherapy privileges and confidentiality: On giving with one hand and removing with the other.  Kentucky Law Journal 75:  473-557.

Weissenberger, G. (1998).  The Psychotherapist Privilege and the Supreme Court’s Misplaced Reliance on State Legislatures.  Hastings Law Review 49:  999-1007.  

Law and Alternative Medicine back to top

Those who do not see themselves as health-care practitioners may reject many aspects of current “standards of practice” in psychotherapy (e.g., they may not diagnose, refer for medication, etc.).  In some ways, their legal situation may be akin to that of professionals who practice alternative medicine.  These readings address issues of licensure, regulation, malpractice issues in alternative medicine.

Cohen, M.H.  (1998).  Complementary and Alternative Medicine:  Legal Boundaries and Regulatory Perspectives.    Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins University Press.  (Excellent resource book, including historical information and many legal cases.)

Medical Malpractice Implications of Alternative Medicine.  (1998).  JAMA 280: 1610-1615.

People vs. Amber 349 N.Y.S. 2d at 604.  (broad construal of “practice of medicine” without a license;  any “’sizing up’ or a comprehending of the physical or mental status of a patient” finding “the existence of a disharmony brought about by the disequilibrium of yin and yang” constitutes diagnosis)

Stetina v. State, 513 N.E. 2d 1234 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987).  (broad construal of “practice of medicine” without a license)

Weintraub, M.I.  (1999).  Letters.  Legal Implications of Practicing Alternative Medicine.  JAMA 1999, 281: 1698-1699.

  Ethical Issues

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General

Barbour, 1. (1993).   Ethics in an age of technology.  The Gifford lectures, Volume 2. New York:  Harper Collins.

Copp, D. (1995).   Morality, normativity, and society. Oxford University Press, NY.

George, R. P. (1993).   Making men moral: civil liberties and public morality. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Hare, R. M. (1997).  Sorting out ethics.  Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Maclntyre, A. (1984).  After virtue: A study in moral theory. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Maclntyre, A.  (1988).  Whose Justice? Which Rationality? University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Maclntyre, A.  (1996).   A short history of ethics: A history of moral philosophy form the Homeric age to the twentieth century. New York:  Simon and Schuster.

Margolis, D.R. (1998).  The fabric of self: a theory of ethics and emotions. Yale University Press, CT.

Money-Kyrle, R.E. (1944).  Political ethics from the psychoanalytical point of view. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 25: 166-171.

Neville, C. (1989).  Freedom, tolerance, and puritan commitment.  In On Freedom, L.S. Rouner (Ed.), volume 10, Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion.  Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.

Scott, C.E. (1990).  The question of ethics: Nietzsche, Foucault, Heidegger.  Indiana University Press, Bloomington.  

Thoreau, H. D. (1993). On the Duty of Civil Disobedience and Other Essays.  Originally published in 1849.  Dover Thrift Editions.

Wolf, S. (1990).  Freedom within reason. Oxford University Press, NY.

Professional

Appelbaum, D. & Lawton, S.V. (1990).  Ethics and the Professions.  Prentice Hall.

Callahan, J.C. (1988).  Ethical issues in professional life.  Oxford University Press, NY.

Michels, R. (1976). Professional ethics and social values.  International Review of Psychoanalysis, 3:377-384.

In Health Care

Campbell, A.  et al. (1997).  Medical ethics.  Second edition. Oxford University Press, NY.

Dougherty, C. J. (1996).  Back to reform: values, markets and the health care system. Oxford University Press, NY.

Dyer, A. R. (1988). Ethics and Psychiatry: Toward Professional Definition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Farber, S. (1993).  Madness, heresy, and the rumor of angels: The revolt against the mental health system. New York:  Open Court Publishing.

Sherwin, S.  (1992).  No Longer Patient:  Feminist Ethics and Health Care. Philadelphia:  Temple University Press.

In Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis

Ahlskog, G. (1997). Review of Cast the first stone: Ethics in analytic practice., Psychoanalytic Books, 8: 253-257.

Amati Sas, S. (1992). Ethics and shame in countertransference.  Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 12: 570-579.

Bersoff, D.N. (1995).  Ethical Conflicts in Psychology.  Washington, DC:  APA Books.

Blank, H. (1956). Review of Psychoanalysis and Ethics.  Psychoanalytic Quarterly 25: 589-590.

Breen, H.J. (1986). A psychoanalytic approach to ethics.  Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 14:255-276.

Canter, M.B., Bennett, B.E., Jones, S.E. & Nagy, T.F. (1994). Ethics for Psychologists : A Commentary on the APA Ethics Code.  Washington, D.C.:  APA Books.

Caruana, J. (1996). Mourning and mimesis: the Freudian ethics of Adorno. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis 4:89-108.

Clavreul, J. (1989). The stakes of psychoanalysis: an ethics of the subject. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 12:663-686.

Eder, M. (1925). Review of Ethics and Some Modern World Problems. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 6:517-518.

Ellis, A.J.  Postmodern ethics for active-directive counseling and psychotherapy.  Journal of Mental Health Counseling 19: 211.

Erikson, E. H. (1976). Psychoanalysis and ethics--avowed and unavowed. International Review of Psychoanalysis 3:409-416.

Faigon, D. & Siquier, M. I. (1992). Authoritative discourse to psychoanalytic discourse: Ethics.  Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 12:594-611.

Feuer, Lewis S. (1955). Psychoanalysis and Ethics. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.

Fromm, E. (1947). Man for Himself. An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics. New York: Rinehart.

Gampel, Y. (1992). Psychoanalysis, ethics, and actuality.  Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 12:526-550.

Gartrell, Nanette K.,  (1994) Editor,  Bringing Ethics Alive:  Feminist Ethics in Psychotherapy Practice.  Harrington Park Press.

Greifinger, J. (1995). Review of Psychoanalysis and Ethics. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 64:169-176.

Hiltner, S. (1973). Comment on science and technology vs. ethics and morals. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 37: 159-163.

Hogenson, G. B. (1996). Review of Psychoanalysis and ethics.  Psychoanalytic Books 7: 21-23.

Karier, C. J. (1976). The ethics of a therapeutic man: C. G. Jung.  Psychoanalytic Review 63:115-146.  

Kavanaugh, P. B. (1999). An Ethic of Free Association: Questioning a Uniform and Coercive Code of Ethics. When Psychoanalysis and Ethics Collide.

Kitwood, T.  (1990).  Psychotherapy, postmodernism, and morality.  Journal of Moral Education 19: 3-14. (British ethicist discusses impact of postmodernism on views of morality and suggests a view of interpersonal morality derived from practice of psychotherapy)

Klimovsky, G. et al. (1995). Ethical, unethical conduct in psychoanalysis: Logic, ethics, science.  International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 76: 977-990.

Leavy, S. (1996). Review of Seminar of Journal Lacan: book VII. The ethics of psychoanalysis, 1959- 1960. (Note: review page #'s 1276-1281) Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 44:027-028.

Levy-Suhl, M. (1946). The role of ethics and religion in psychoanalytic theory and therapy.  International Journal of Psychoanalysis 27:110-119.

Loewenstein, R. (1948). Review of Fromm, Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics.  Psychoanalytic Quarterly 17: 534-535.

Miller, A. J.  (1992). Seminar of J. Lacan: Book VII. The ethics of psychoanalysis, 1959- 1960.  New York: W.W. Norton

Miller, I.J. (1996).  Ethical and liability issues concerning invisible rationing.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 27:  583-587.  The American Psychological Association, which owns the copyright to this article, will not grant permission to reprint it on the web.  The article can be obtained through a library or, for a small fee, from Boulder Psychotherapists’ Guild.  To order from the Guild, phone (303) 444-1036 and leave a voice-message order with name and address. The articles will be mailed out with an invoice enclosed.

Modlin, H.C. (1973). Science and technology vs. ethics and morals.  Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 37: 149-168.

Money-Kyrle, R. (1952). Psychoanalysis and ethics. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 33: 225-234.

Pope, K.S. & Bajt, T.R. (1988).  When Law and Values Conflict:  A Dilemma for Psychologists.  American Psychologist 43: 828.

Pruyser, P.W. (1973). Comment on science and technology vs. ethics and morals. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 37: 163-168.

Prilleltensky, I. (1997). Values, assumptions, and practices: assessing the moral implications of psychological discourse and action.  American Psychologist 52 (5): 517-535

Puget, J. (1992). Belonging and ethics. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 12: 551-569.

Racker, H. (1966). Ethics and psycho-analysis and the psycho-analysis of ethics.  International Journal of Psychoanalysis 47: 63-80.

Rajchman, J. (1991) .  Truth and eros: Foucault, Lacan, and the question of ethics. New York:  Routledge, Chapman, and Hall.

Rave, Elizabeth J. and Carolyn C. Larsen (Editors) (1995)  Ethical Decision Making in Therapy:  Feminist Perspectives.  Guilford Press.  

Roberts, J. C. (1995). The Myth of Confidentiality.  Originally published in the Newsletter of the National Coalition of Mental Health Professionals and Consumers.

Roheim, G. (1948). Review of Fromm, Man for Himself, an Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics.  International Journal of Psychoanalysis 29:138-139.

Ross, L.B. & Roy, M., Eds. (1995). Cast the first stone: Ethics in analytic practice. Wilmette, IL: Chiron

Schmalhausen, S.D. (1921). Our tainted ethics.  Psychoanalytic Review 8: 382-406.

Serota, H.M. (1976). Ethics, moral values, and interventions. International Review of Psychoanalysis 3: 373-376.

Shakow, D. (1965). Ethics for a scientific age: Some moral aspects of psychoanalysis.  Psychoanalytic Review 52: 335-348.

Shanman, J. A. (1990). Review of Ethics and Psychiatry: Toward Professional Definition. Psychoanalytic Books 1: 342-344.

Singer, J. L. (1980).  The scientific basis of psychotherapeutic practice:  A question of values and ethics.  Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice 17: 372-383.  (psychoanalyst argues that, despite their flaws, science and empirical evaluation, not “clinical judgment” or training in any particular school, should be the basis for ethical practice of psychotherapy; calls for an integration of research findings from diverse fields)

Spiegel, R. (1978). Editorial: On psychoanalysis, values, and ethics.  Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 6: 271-274

Stewart, D.A. (1955). Empathy: Common ground of ethics and of personality theory.  Psychoanalytic Review 42: 131-141.

Strenger, C. (1997). On the classic & romantic in psychoanalysis: Klein, Winnicott, and ethics.  Psychoanalytic Contemporary Thought 20: 207-244.

Thompson, A. (1983).  Ethical concerns in psychotherapy and their legal ramifications.  University Press of America.

Wallace, Edwin. (1995). Review of Wallwork, Psychoanalysis and Ethics.  Journal of the  American Psychoanalytic Association 43: 221-229.

Wallace, E. R. (1986). Determinism, possibility, and ethics.  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 34: 933-974.

Wallerstein, R. S. (1976). Introduction: Ethics, moral values, psychological interventions.  International Review of Psychoanalysis 3: 369-372.

Wallwork, E. (1991). Psychoanalysis and Ethics.  New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

  Professional Issues  

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General back to top

Baggett, C.  (2000).   Humanistic Practice as a New Paradigm.  Association of Humanistic Psychologists Perspective, Fall issue. (argues that professional issues currently facing psychotherapists who practice outside the medical model are part of a larger societal paradigm shift; calls for “a serious rethinking of clinical theory, skills, and ethics” in light of this shift)

Baritz,  L.  (1974). Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry.  Middletown, Connecticut:  Wesleyan University Press.

Bowman, M. R. (1996).   On the idea of natural science as a resistance to psychoanalysis. In Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought: A Quarterly of Integrative and Interdisciplinary Studies, Leo Goldberger, (ed). International University Press, Volume 19, no. 3.

Bornstein, M. (1985).  Freud's legacy: Science and humanism.  Psychoanalytic Inquiry 5(3).  Analytic Press, NJ.

Hyman, M. (1994). A New Initiative for Psychoanalysis.  Originally published in the Round Robin, Newsletter of Section I of the Division of Psychoanalysis, American Psychological Association.

Hyman, M. (1994). Scenarios for Psychoanalytic Practice.  Originally published in the Round Robin, Newsletter of Section I of the Division of Psychoanalysis, American Psychological Association.

Kavanaugh, Patrick B.,  Danuloff, L. D., Erard, R. E., Hyman, M., & Pallas, J. L. (1994). Psychology: A Profession and Practice at Risk.   (Position Paper of the Michigan Psychological Association)

Kavanaugh, P. B. (1995). The Narrowing Scope of Psychoanalysis.  MSPP News (newsletter of the Michigan Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology) Volume 5, Number 1, February.

O’Hara, M. (1996).  Divided we stand.  Family Therapy Networker, September-October 1996, pp. 46-53.  (calls attention to the division between psychotherapists who are willing to practice within the medical-model/managed care system and those who reject its basic premises; calls for a return to non-medical private practice of psychotherapy)

O'Hara, M. (1996). Reinventing the Growth Psychology Agenda: Towards a Therapeutic Counter-Culture.

Owen, Ian.  (1992).  The tower of Babel:  Searching for core clinical, theoretical, and ethical issues in psychotherapy.  Counseling Psychology Quarterly 5: 67-77. (English analyst takes a frank look at the motivations for and the difficulty of establishing standards for psychotherapy; “It is up to each therapist’s conscience and professional expertise to guide him or her in making effective, sensitive, and ethical therapy.  This is what the fighting [among training programs] is all about—the rubric is protect the public.  It means protect our interests.”)

Rose, N. (2000).  Power and Subjectivity:  Critical History and Psychology.

Shore, k. (1997). Don't Let Them Take Your Mind and Spirit: On Being Called a "Provider". (text of the speech delivered by Dr. Karen Shore upon acceptance of the "1997 Distinguished Psychologist of the Year" Award from the American Psychological Association's Division of Independent Practice).

Epistemology in Science and Psychology back to top

Faulconer, J. E. & Williams, R.N. (1985).  Temporality in human action:  An alternative to positivism and historicism.  American Psychologist, 40, 1179-1188.

Faulconer, J. E. & Williams, R.N. (Eds.). (1990).  Reconsidering psychology: Perspectives from continental philosophy.  Pittsburgh:  Duquesne U. Press.

Fox, J. & Slife, B. D. (1995)  Newton’s Clock:  Crumbling paradigms in the social sciences.

Gergen, K. J. (1982).  Toward transformation in social knowledge.  New York: Springer-Verlag.

Gergen, K. J. (1985).  The social constructionist movement in modern psychology.  American Psychologist 40, 266-275.

Giorgi, A. (1970).  Psychology as a human science:  A phenomenologically based approach.  New York:  Harper and Row.

Georgi, A. (Ed.). (1985).  Phenomenology and psychological research.  Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.

 Howard, G. S. & Conway, C. G. (1986).  Can there be an empirical science of volitional action?  American Psychologist 41, 1241-1251.

Kuhn, T. S. (1962).  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press.

Lakatros, I. (1970).  Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes.  In I. Lakatos &  A. Musgrave (Eds.)  Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 91-196).  Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge U. Press.

Messer, S. B., Sass, L.A., & Woolfolk, R. L. (1988). Hermeneutics and psychological theory:  Interpretive perspectives on personality, psychotherapy, and psychopathology.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U. Press.

Packer, M. J. (1985).  Hermeneutic Inquiry in the Study of Human Conduct.  American Psychologist 40: 1081-1093.

Packer, M. J. & Addison, R. B. (Eds.). (1989).  Entering the circle: Hermeneutic investigation in psychology.  Albany, NY: SUNY.

Patton, M. Q. (1990).  Qualitative evaluation and research methods.  Newbury Park, CA:  Sage Publications.

Robinson, D. N. (1995).  The logic of reductionist models.  New Ideas in Psychology 13, 1-8.

Slife, B. D. (1981).  Psychology’s reliance on linear time:  A reformulation.  Journal of Mind and Behavior 1, 27-46.

Slife, B. D. (1987).  Telic and mechanistic explanations of mind and meaningfulness:  An empirical investigation.  Journal of Personality, 55, 445-466.

Slife, B. D. (1987).  The perils of eclecticism as therapeutic orientation.  Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 7(2), 94-103.

Slife, B. D. (1992). Cognition, memory, and Plato’s “Meno.”  Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Slife, B. D. (1993).  Time and psychological explanation.  Albany, NY:  SUNY.

Slife, B. D. (1994).  Free will and time:  That “stuck” feeling.  Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 14: 1-12.

Slife, B. D. (1994).  The possibility of possibility. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 14: 96-101.

Slife, B. D. (1995).  An Introduction to “The Legacy of Newton.”  Journal of Mind and Behavior 16: 1-7.

Slife, B. D. (1995).  Information and time.  Theory and Psychology.

Slife, B. & Williams, R. N. (1995). What's behind the research? Discovering hidden assumptions in the behavioral sciences. London: Sage Publications.

Williams, R.N. (1987).  Can cognitive psychology offer a meaningful account of meaningful human action?  Journal of Mind and Behavior 8: 209-222.

Williams, R.N.  (1992).  The human context of agency.  American Psychologist 47: 752-760.

Williams, R.N. (1995). Temporality and psychological action at a distance.  Journal of Mind and Behavior 16: 63-76.  

Educational Issues back to top

Jones, A. (1991).  Formal training is antithetical to the spirit of psychotherapy:  A review and commentary.  Counseling Psychology Quarterly 4: 65-74.

Kavanaugh, P. B. (1987). The Michigan Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology (MSPP) and the Question of Issuing a "Certificate in Psychoanalysis". (argues against certification of psychoanalysts, questioning what it is that can be “certified”)

McLoughlin, C. (1999) On the Consortium's Proposed National Standards for Psychoanalytic Education.  MSPP News (newsletter of the Michigan Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology), October 1999.  (outlines arguments for and against the Psychoanalytic Consortium’s proposed national accreditation standards for psychoanalytic institutes and places the movement for standards in historical context)

McLoughlin, C. (2000). On Mandatory Continuing Education. MSPP News (newsletter of the Michigan Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology), June 2000.  (describes proposed CE requirements for psychologists in Michigan, discusses history of CE, arguments for and against such requirements for licensure, trends in CE nationally)

Shore, K. (1997). Death Knell for Clinical Psychologists as Psychotherapists.  National Coalition of Mental Health Providers and Consumers newsletter. (describes trend away from teaching long-term psychotherapy in doctoral psychology training programs and calls for action to prevent loss of this art).

History back to top 

History of Psychology and Psychiatry

Alexander, Franz et al. (1995).  The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present.  New York: Harper & Row.

Barton, Walter E. (1987).  The History and Influence of the American Psychiatric Association.  American Psychiatric Press.

Berrios, German E. and Porter, Roy (Editors). (1995).  A History of Clinical Psychiatry:  The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. New York University Press.

Capshew, James H., (1998)  Psychologists on the March:  Science, Practice, and Professional Identity in America, 1929-1969.  Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Hale, N. G. Jr. (1995).  Freud and the Americans: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United States, 1876-1917.   New York: Oxford University Press. (detailed scholarly history of psychoanalysis in America)

Hale, N. G.  Jr. (1995).  The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985.  New York: Oxford University Press. (Detailed scholarly history of psychoanalysis in America, including the labyrinthine politics of its medicalization)

Humphreys, K. (1996).  Clinical psychologists as psychotherapists:  History, future, alternatives.  American Psychologist 51:  190-197.  (origins of medicalization of psychotherapy; trends in health-care indicate doctoral-level psychologists will be replaced as psychotherapists by “lower-cost providers,” compares this replacement with post-WWII movement of psychologists into field of psychotherapy; recommends new career avenues for PhDs)

Lane, R. C. and Meisels, M., Eds. (1994).  A History of the Division of Psychoanalysis of the American Psychological Association.  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (history of the Division as told by participants in various projects, including each of the sections, the GAPPP plaintiffs, etc.)

Micale , Mark S. and Roy Porter (Editors), (1994)  Discovering the History of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press.

O’Hara, M. & Anderson, W. T. (1991).  Welcome to the postmodern world.  Family Therapy Networker, September-October. (places current debates in the field of psychotherapy in long-range historical context, from the Enlightenment to postmodernism; challenges apparatus of “objective” scientific legitimacy of psychotherapy)

Porter, Roy & Berrios, German E. (Editors). (1995).  A History of Clinical Psychiatry:  The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders.  New York University Press. 

Robinson, D. N.  (1995).  An intellectual history of psychology.  New York:  MacMillan.  

Shorter, Edward.  (1997).  A History of Psychiatry:  From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac.  John Wiley & Sons.

• Review by John C. Marshall, Nature, March 27, 1997 v386 n6623 p346(1)
• Review by Scull, Andrew, Times Literary Supplement May 16 1997, n4911, p8(3)
• Review by Harrison G. Pope, The New England Journal of Medicine, 7-3-97. 337: 1.
• Review by Christian Perring in Perspectives:  A Mental Health Magazine, 2: 3.  July-August 1997.
• Review by Michael T. McGuire, The Journal of the American Medical Association Sep 17, 1997 v278 n11 p949(2)
• Review by Herman, Ellen, Journal of American History Dec 1997, v84, n3, p1033(2)
• Review by William F. Gabrielli Jr., CHOICE, May 1998 v35 n9 pS20(1)
• Review by John C. Spurlock, History: Review of New Books, Spring 1998 v26 n3 p155(2)
• Review by Gerald Grob, The Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72: 1.  Spring 1998.

Stone, Michael H. (1997).  Healing the Mind:  A History of Psychiatry from Antiquity to the Present. W W Norton & Co.

Wells, Lloyd A.  (April 1996).  Review of A History of Clinical Psychiatry:  The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders.  New England Journal of Medicine, 334: 17

Wiseman, Bruce.  (1995). Psychiatry:  The Ultimate Betrayal. Freedom Publishing.

History of Psychopathology

Aronowitz, Robert A., (1998).  Making Sense of Illness: Science, Society, and Disease Cambridge University Press.

 Berrios, German E. (1996).  The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology Since the Nineteenth Century.  Cambridge University Press.

Braslow, Joel. (1997).  Mental Ills and Bodily Cures:  Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century (Medicine and Society, Volume 8). University of California Press.

Gamwell, Lynn and Tomes, Nancy. (1995).  Madness in America:  Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness Before 1914. Cornell University Press. 

Grob, Gerald. (1998). Review of Mental Ills and Bodily Cures:  Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.  The Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72:2.

Jenkins, D.A.  (July 1998). Review of Aronowitz, R. A.,  Making Sense of Illness: Science, Society, and Disease.  New England Journal of Medicine, 339:5.

Masson, Jeffrey M. & Loring, Marianne (1986).  A Dark Science:  Women, Sexuality, and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. Farrar Straus & Giroux.

• Review by Johnston, Jill, Ms. Magazine Feb 1987, v15, p17(2)
• Review by Showalter, Elaine, The New Republic March 16 1987, v196, p38(4)
• Review by Micale, Mark S., Partisan Review Summer 1987, v54, p485(9)

Porter, Roy, William Bynum, M. Shepherd (Editors) (1986).  The Anatomy of Madness:  Essays in the History of Psychiatry, People, and Ideas. Routledge Kegan & Paul.

Porter, Roy. (1989).  A Social History of Madness:  The World Through the Eyes of the Insane. Obelisk.

Risse, G.  (1998).  Review of Making Sense of Illness: Science, Society, and Disease, Philadelphia Inquirer, 9-6-98.

Scull, Andrew T., MacKenzie, Charlotte & Hervey, Nicholas. (1996).  Masters of Bedlam:  The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade. Princeton University Press.

• Review by Patrick McGrath, L. A. Times, Sunday, March 30, 1997
• Review by Robert Coles, Boston Book Review.
• Review by Charlotte MacKenzie and Nicholas Hervey Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade.  The Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72: 3, 1998.
• Review by Michiko Kakutani, As Society Changes, So Too Do the Illnesses, New York Times, 12-10-91.
• Review by Nadelson, Theodore, American Journal of Psychiatry August 1992, v149, n8, p1109(2)
• Review by Hughes, Judith M., The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Autumn 1992, v23, n2, p346(3)
• Review by Grob, Gerald N., Journal of Social History Fall 1992, v26, n1, p210(2)
• Review by Hollander, Russell.  The Historian Wntr 1993, v55, n2, p403(2)
• Review by Salmon, Peter, The Lancet Jan 30 1993, v341, n8840, p293(1)
• Review by Angelino, Andrew F., JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association March 3 1993, v269, n9, p1187(1)
• Review by Figert, Anne E., Contemporary Sociology July 1993, v22, n4, p604(2)
• Review by Armstrong, David, Isis Sept 1993, v84, n3, p611(2)
• Review by Comacchio, Cynthia R., Canadian Historical Review Dec 1993, v74, n4, p604(4)
• Review by Porter, Roy, The Journal of Modern History March 1994, v66, n1, p126(4)

Shorter, Edward. (1998).  Review of Mental Ills and Bodily Cures:  Psychiatric Treatment in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.  New England Journal of Medicine, 338: 3.

History of Psychotherapy

Cushman, Philip. (1997). Constructing the Self, Constructing America:  A Cultural History of Psychotherapy. Addison-Wesley.

Kakutani, M. (1995).  The Self and Those Who Tend It. Review of Constructing the Self, Constructing America:  A Cultural History of Psychotherapy.  New York Times 3-31-95.

Lunbeck, Elizabeth. (1996).  The Psychiatric Persuasion:  Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America. Princeton University Press.

• Review by Susan Stanford Friedman, The Women's Review of Books Sept 1994 v11 n12 p7(2)
• Review by W.F. Bynum, The Lancet Sept 10, 1994 v344 n8924 p738(1)
• Review by Tom Lutz, From Crazy to Sick, New York Times Book Review, 10-16-94.
• Review by K.S. Milar, CHOICE Dec 1994 v32 n4 p678(2)
• Review by James H. Jones, Journal of American History Sept 1995 v82 n2 p785(2)
• Review by Minna Uimonen, The British Journal for the History of Science. Sept 1995 v28 n98 p358(2)
• Review by Edward Shorter, American Historical Review Dec 1995 v100 n5 p1709(2)
• Review by Beryl Satter, Journal of Social History Winter 1995 v29 n2 p447(3)
• Review by Joel Haycock, Contemporary Sociology March 1996 v25 n2 p250(3)
• Review by Nicole Hahn Rafter, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Fall 1996 v27 n2 p349(1)
• Review by Bennett Simon, Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. Winter 1996 v59 n4 p336(20)
• Review by Stephanie Kiceluk, Michigan Quarterly Review Spring 1997 v36 n2 p355(6)

Pfister, Joel and Nancy Schnog (Editors). (1997).  Inventing the Psychological:  Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America. Yale University Press.

Pols, H. (1997).  Review of Constructing the Self, Constructing America:  A Cultural History of Psychotherapy. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 71: 1, 180-181.  

History of Government Policy

Dowbiggin, Ian Robert. (1998).   Keeping America Sane:  Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880-1940.  Cornell University Press.

Dowdall, George W. (1996). The Eclipse of the State Mental Hospital: Policy, Stigma, and Organization.  New York Press.

Dwyer, E. (1998). Review of The Eclipse of the State Mental Hospital: Policy, Stigma, and Organization.  Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72:2.

Herman, Ellen (1996).  The Romance of American Psychology:  Political Culture in the Age of Experts. University of California Press.

Jones, Kathleen (1994).  Asylums and After:  A Revised History of Mental Health Services from the Early Eighteenth Century to the 1990s.  Athlone Press.

Sareyan, Alex (1994).  The Turning Point:  How Persons of Conscience Brought About a Major Change in the Care of America’s Mentally Ill. Herald Press.

Smith, Theresa C., and Thomas A. Oleszczuk. (1996).  No Asylum:  State Psychiatric Repression in the Former USSR. New York University Press.

In the Popular Press back to top

Does therapy help?  Consumer Reports, November 1995, pp. 734-739.

Peeno, L. (1998).  What is the value of a voice?  US News and World Report, March 9, 1998.  (A former HMO director speaks out.)

Seligman, M. E. P. (1995).  The effectiveness of psychotherapy:  The Consumer Reports Study.  American Psychologist 50: 965-974.

Gottlieb, A. (1997).  Crisis of Consciousness.  Utne Reader, January-February 1997, 44-65, 106-109. (“hardball economics is splitting therapy in two: quick fixes versus the soulcraft of the culture to come” “As the medical aspect of therapy pulls out of the fusion of science and art that is traditional therapy, the other party to the divorce is daring to declare itself frankly artistic and spiritual.”)  

Licensing & Regulation back to top

Bass, L. J.  et al. (1996).  Professional Conduct and Discipline in Psychology. 

Trent, J. T. (1997).  Look out for ‘curse’ of  the licensing board.  National Psychologist, November-December 1997.  

Empirical Validation of Psychotherapy back to top

American Psychiatric Association (1993).  Practice guidelines for major depressive disorder in adults.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, supplement.

Barlow, D. H. (1994).  Psychological interventions in the era of managed care.  Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1: 109-122.

Depression Guideline Panel (1993).  Depression in primary care, Volume 2: Treatment of major depression: Clinical practice guidelines, Number 5, Rockville, MD (Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research).  (AHCPR Publication No. 93-0551).  Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Guidelines for the Provision of Humanistic Psychosocial Services.  Report of the Division 32 Task Force.  The Humanistic Psychologist 25(1), Spring 1997.  (“humanists reject the idea that therapy must be studied as treatment-of-disorder, and that it must be manualized, the two central criteria of the ‘empirically supported treatments’ guidelines of Division 12”)

Garfield, S. L. (1996).  Some problems associated with “validated” forms of psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology:  Science and Practice 3: 218-229. (criticism of practice guidelines)

Kovacs, A. (1995).  We have met the enemy and he is us! The Independent Practitioner 15: 135-137. (criticism of practice guidelines)

Nathan, P. F. (1998).  Practice guidelines: Not yet ideal.  American Psychologist 53: 290-299.

National Institute of Mental Health (1991).  Caring for people with severe mental disorders:  A national plan of research to improve services (DHHS Publication No. 91-1762).  Washington, DC:  US Government Publication.

Persons, J. B., Thase, M. E., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1996).  The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of depression:  Review of two practice guidelines.  Archives of General Psychiatry 53: 301-312.

Pincus, H. A. (1994).  Treatment guidelines: Risks are outweighed by the benefits.  Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow 4: 40-45. (support for practice guidelines)

Sanderson, W. C. (1997).  The importance of empirically supported psychological interventions in the new healthcare environment.  In L. Vandercreek, S. Knapp, & T. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice:  A Source Book (Volume 15), pp. 387-399.  Sarasota, Florida:  Professional Resources Press.

Sanderson, W. C. (1998).  The case for evidence-based psychotherapy treatment guidelines.  American Journal of Psychotherapy 52:  382.  (argues that, in the absence of guidelines established by professional organizations, managed care will fund the cheapest forms of “treatment”; psychologists and other psychotherapists are being left behind in the scramble to establish such guidelines).

Smith, E. W. L. (1995).  A passionate, rational response to the manualization of psychotherapy.  Psychotherapy Bulletin 30: 36-40. (criticism of practice guidelines)

Trabin, T. (1994).  Toward greater accountability for quality:  More science, less art?  Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow 3: 1-8.  (support for practice guidelines)

Woody, S.R. & Sanderson, W. C. (1998).  Manuals for empirically supported treatments: 1998 update from the task force on psychological interventions.  The Clinical Psychologist 5: 17-21.

Non-Medical Psychotherapy back to top

Breggin, P. R.  (1990).   Toxic Psychiatry:  Why therapy, empathy, and love must replace the drugs, electroshock, and biochemical theories of the “new psychiatry.”  New York:  St. Martin’s Press.

Pipal, J. (1995).  A Mephistophelean Crisis.  (argues that psychotherapists have “sold their souls” in exchange for third-party reimbursement; criticizes diagnosis and medicalization of many types of human problems while maintaining that there is such a thing as diagnosable mental illness)

Sanua, V. D. (199?).  The myth of the organicity of mental disorders.  The Humanistic Psychologist.

Szasz, T. (1987).  Insanity:  The idea and its consequences.  New York:  Wiley and Sons.  

Managed Care back to top

Anonymous (1995). Hidden benefits of managed care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 26: 35-237. (spoof)

Higuchi, S. A.  (1994).  Recent managed-care legislative and legal issues.  In R. L. Lowman and R.J. Resnick (Eds.), The mental health professional’s guide to managed care,  (pp. 83-118).  Washington, DC:  American Psychological Association.

Karon, B. P. (1995).  Provision of psychotherapy under managed health care:  A growing crisis and a national nightmare.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 26: 5-9.

Leyerle, B. (1994).   The private regulation of American health care.   Armonk, NY:  M. E. Sharp.  (critical history of the managed care trend by a sociologist)

Lindenbaum, S. (1992).  Some thoughts on managing managed care.  The Independent Practitioner 12: 80.  (spoof)

Marshall, J. W. and Muszynski, I. L. (1993).  Legal briefing:  Providers should not fear UR entities or court decisions.  Register Report:  The Newsletter for Health Providers in Psychology, 19: 7-8, 11.

Miller, I. J.  (1996).  Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA):  Who is the watchdog’s master?  The Independent Practitioner 16: 133-137.

Miller, I. J. (1996).  Managed care is harmful to outpatient mental health services:  A call for accountability.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 27:  349-363.  The American Psychological Association, which owns the copyright to this article, will not grant permission to reprint it on the web.  The article can be obtained through a library or, for a small fee, from Boulder Psychotherapists’ Guild.  To order from the Guild, phone (303) 444-1036 and leave a voice-message order with name and address. The articles will be mailed out with an invoice enclosed.

Miller, I. J. (1996).  Some “short-term therapy values” are a formula for invisible rationing.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 27: 577-582. The American Psychological Association, which owns the copyright to this article, will not grant permission to reprint it on the web.  The article can be obtained through a library or, for a small fee, from Boulder Psychotherapists’ Guild.  To order from the Guild, phone (303) 444-1036 and leave a voice-message order with name and address. The articles will be mailed out with an invoice enclosed

Miller, I. J. (1996).  Time-limited brief therapy has gone too far:  The result is invisible rationing.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 27:  567-576. The American Psychological Association, which owns the copyright to this article, will not grant permission to reprint it on the web.  The article can be obtained through a library or, for a small fee, from Boulder Psychotherapists’ Guild.  To order from the Guild, phone (303) 444-1036 and leave a voice-message order with name and address. The articles will be mailed out with an invoice enclosed

Miller, I. J. (1994).  What Managed Care is Doing to Outpatient Mental Health.  Boulder, Colorado:  Boulder Psychotherapists’ Press.

Murphy, M. J., DeBernardo, C.R. & Shoemaker, W. E. (1998).  Impact of managed care on independent practice and professional ethics:  A survey of independent practitioners.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 29: 43-51.

North American Co. for Life and Health v. Berger, 648 F.2d 305 (5^th Cir. 1981).  (Case in which a psychotherapist was found liable for over-diagnosis to gain third-party payment.)

Perrott, L.A. (1998).  When will it be coming to the large discount chain stores?  Psychotherapy as commodity.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 29: 168-173.

Phelps, R., Eisman, E. J., and Kohut, J. (1998).  Psychological practice and managed care:  Results of CAPP practitioner survey.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 29: 31-36.

Pipal, J. E.  (1995).  Managed Care:  Is it the corpse in the living room?  An expose.  Psychotherapy 32: 323-332.

Pipal, J.E. (1996).  Without apology of fear:  Reflections on Hoyt and Budman (1996) and managed mental health care.  Psychotherapy 33: 124-128.

Sank, L. (1997).  Taking on managed care:  One reviewer at a time.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice 28:  548-554.  (ethics)

Shore, K. (1995).  Managed care as the totalitarian regime.  The Independent Practitioner 15:  12-15.

Shore, K. (1995).  Why we need to move America beyond managed care and managed competition.  Psychologist-Psychoanalyst (newsletter of the Division of Psychoanalysis of American Psychological Association) 15: 12-15.

Stephens, E. M. (1994).  Managed (denial of) Care:  Do we have a legal remedy?  Academy Forum (American Academy of Psychoanalysis) 38 (4): 16-17.

Wickline  v. California, 239 Cal Rptr. 810 (Cal. App. 2 Dist. 1990).  (Case in which a physician was found liable for under treating a patient by following managed care rules.)

Wilson v. Blue Cross of Southern Cal., 271 Cal Rptr. 876 (Cal. App. 2 Dist. 1990).  (Case in which managed care company was found liable for inappropriate treatment due to cost-containment motives.) 

Critiques of Mainstream Psychology & Psychotherapy back to top

Dawes, Robyn & David, Peter  (1997).  House of Cards:  Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth. (critical discussion of cherished clinical assumptions and therapeutic methods)

Caplan, P. J. (1996).  They Say You’re Crazy:  How the World’s Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who’s Normal.  Perseus Press.  (argues DSM authors disregard scientific methods in favor of personal biases and political considerations)

Dineen, T.  (1998).  Manufacturing Victims:  What the Psychology Industry Is Doing to People.  (on the pathologizing of everyday experience)

Hagen, M. A.  (1997).  Whores of the Court:  The Fraud of Psychiatric Testimony and the Rape of American Justice.

Kutchins, H. & Kirk, S. A. (1997).  Making Us Crazy:  DSM:  The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders.  Free Press.  (criticizes the DSM as pathologizing everyday behavior that codifying cultural prejudices, argues it lends itself to large-scale abuse by the legal and insurance professions)

Szasz, T. S.  (1984).  The Myth of Mental Illness:  Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct.  Harper Collins.  (calls the idea of mental illness into question; argues for individual responsibility; warns of the power of psychiatry as a political tool)

Szasz, T. S.  (1997).  Cruel Compassion:  Psychiatric Control of Society’s Unwanted.  Syracuse University Press.

Szasz, T.S. (1998).  The Manufacture of Madness:  A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement.  Syracuse University Press.

Legal,  Ethical,  and  Professional  Issues  in  Psychoanalysis  and  Psychotherapy   

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